Dominant technology platforms have shifted from innovation and empowerment to systematic exploitation. They no longer primarily serve users but extract value from them...

The “Age of Extraction” and What It Means for Society, Creativity, and the Future of Knowledge

by ChatGPT-5

Tim Wu’s The Age of Extraction, as presented in the WIRED interview, is a sweeping and sobering indictment of the modern technology ecosystem. His argument—shaped by years of antitrust scholarship, government service, and historical analysis—is that the dominant technology platforms have shifted from innovation and empowerment to systematic exploitation. They no longer primarily serve users but extract value from them, whether through data harvesting, predatory fees, or structural lock-ins that choke competition. In this regard, he stands in intellectual harmony with his longtime friend Cory Doctorow, whose theory of “enshittification” describes the same lifecycle of platform decline, albeit in more populist and visceral terms. Both see Big Tech’s current configuration as a culmination of decades of regulatory retreat and corporate consolidation—a Gilded Age resurrected in digital form.

Wu’s narrative is compelling because it blends contemporary examples with deep historical analogies. His use of obscure legal precedents—such as the 14th-century case establishing the responsibilities of a “public house” to serve all comers—is designed to remind readers that questions of fairness, access, and monopoly power long predate Silicon Valley. He argues that platforms like Amazon, Google, and Meta are digital common carriers in practice, and that their ability to manipulate prices, self-preference their own services, and tax the businesses that depend on them is incompatible with free and competitive markets. These platforms do not simply operate in the market; they set the terms of the market. He frames this as a problem that—left unchecked—will produce not only economic stagnation but also “division and resentment,” feeding political polarization and social decay.

Where Wu’s analysis becomes more pessimistic is in his assessment of the contemporary political landscape. He describes being increasingly worried about “the inherently corrupt nature” of the current U.S. administration and the political influence tech CEOs wield through donations and access. Although he sees continuity in ongoing antitrust cases initiated during the Biden years, he acknowledges uncertainty about their outcomes. Enforcement, he warns, can be quietly neutered even when cases remain technically active. He is careful not to over-index on the Trump factor in his book—because he drafted it before the election—but the WIRED interview makes his anxiety painfully clear.

On AI, Wu strikes a surprisingly optimistic note. He sees AI as still being in an “idealistic phase,” pointing to OpenAI’s rise as evidence that new players can emerge even in a market dominated by entrenched giants. But the interviewer challenges this assumption by pointing out that nearly all significant AI companies now have deep partnerships with major platforms, and that OpenAI itself is building a platform capable of “extraction.” Wu concedes that emotional attachment to AI tools could generate a loyalty so strong that it might entrench monopoly power even further—creating “a long-lasting, stagnant monopoly.”

Do I agree with Wu’s views?

Broadly, yes—but with important caveats.

Wu’s central thesis, that big tech platforms have entered an extractive phase, is well-supported. The last decade has demonstrated a pattern of platforms degrading user experience to maximize rent extraction: higher advertising loads, diminished organic reach, increased commissions, and aggressive prioritization of their own products. Wu correctly identifies that these practices thrive when regulators retreat and when political incentives align against enforcement.

Where his argument could be challenged is around his optimism about AI’s potential to disrupt entrenched platforms. The current trajectory suggests that AI is not a sandbox outside Big Tech influence—it is an accelerant of Big Tech dominance. The capital, compute, data, and distribution advantages held by Amazon, Google, Meta, Apple, Microsoft, and Nvidia create structural barriers that make independent AI ecosystems fragile. Wu’s hesitance to acknowledge this reflects the temporal gap between when he wrote the book and the current reality.

However, his historical point—that technological shifts can topple monopolies—remains true in the long term. The timing, cost, and human impact of that rebalancing are the open questions.

Possible consequences for society—and particularly for authors, creators, and publishers

For society at large:

• Growing economic inequality as platforms capture outsized value while suppressing competitors.

• Normalization of surveillance capitalism, with user data functioning as a non-compensated extraction resource.

• Reduced democratic resilience as concentrated platform power distorts information flows and political influence.

• Increased political polarization if algorithms optimize for engagement over truth.

• Weakening of regulatory legitimacy when governments appear unable—or unwilling—to enforce existing laws.

• Entrenchment of digital dependencies where essential services are run by a handful of unaccountable firms.

For authors, creators, and publishers specifically:

• Diminished bargaining power as platforms impose increasingly punitive terms (fees, commissions, algorithmic suppression).

• Greater pressure to surrender rights or accept opaque distribution models with minimal transparency.

• Increased risk of content being used—uncompensated—for AI training and model distillation.

• Reduction in consumer discovery of original works as platforms self-preference AI-generated or platform-native content.

• Erosion of traditional revenue models, particularly for niche creators or scholarly publishers.

• Threat to the integrity and provenance of content as AI-generated texts flood markets and blur the distinction between authentic and derivative work.

• Dependency on platform policies that can change at any moment, destabilizing business models.

• Legal uncertainty around copyright, licensing, and fair dealing as courts struggle to adapt existing frameworks.

• Shrinking incentives for quality content creation if extraction dominates value capture.

• Increased costs for compliance, enforcement, and rights-protection as creators and publishers must actively defend their work in a hostile distribution ecosystem.

Ultimately, Wu’s warning is that societies that allow extraction unchecked inevitably face decline—economically, creatively, and democratically. His argument is not simply about tech companies. It is about the preservation of a competitive, open, and culturally rich society. The consequences for authors and publishers are not collateral damage; they are early indicators of what happens when platforms become empires.